How much attic ventilation does a roof need?
Building code asks for one square foot of net free vent area for every 150 square feet of attic floor, ideally split half at the ridge and half at the eaves, according to the sources behind this page. Confirm the current requirement for your house with a roofer or the Building Department.
Net free vent area is the actual open space air can flow through, which is less than the size of the vent cover. A vent partly blocked by insulation or paint does not count for much.
Many older houses never had that balance of eave and ridge vents, and attics that have been insulated later may have blocked the eave vents. A roofer can show you where the airflow stops.
Is it safe to remove an ice dam myself?
No. Climbing on an icy roof is dangerous, and chipping ice with tools can crack shingles and gutters and cause the very leaks you are trying to prevent. Stay off the roof, keep people clear of falling ice below, and call a roofer to clear the dam with care.
Falling ice can also be hazardous to anyone standing under the eave. Keep the area below clear, and do not stand under a roof edge with heavy icicles.
From inside, you can protect belongings and put a bucket under any drip. If water is coming in, tell the roofer so they can set a priority.
Should a new roof include ice dam protection?
A replacement is the best time to improve ventilation and add waterproof underlayment at the eaves, because those layers can only be added when the old roofing is off. Ask the roofer to say in the quote what is being done about attic airflow and the lower edge.
A roof replacement that ignores attic ventilation can bring back the same ice dams within a winter. The roofing and the attic work together as a system.
The ice dam guide for Rhode Island roofs goes into more detail on how the pieces fit together.
What is the difference between removing ice and preventing it?
Removal clears ice that is already blocking meltwater, and it is temporary. Prevention changes the heat and airflow in the attic so the dam does not rebuild. A roofer who offers only removal each winter is treating the symptom, so ask what they found in the attic and what they propose to change.
Removal is sometimes necessary when water is already coming through a ceiling. It is slow, careful work on a cold roof, and it can leave shingles damaged if it is done roughly.
Prevention takes a visit to the attic and a plan: where warm air escapes, how much insulation sits over the living space, and whether the eaves and ridge can breathe. Some of the work is the roofer's and some may belong to an insulation contractor, so ask who is doing which part.